Docker Multi-Stage Builds

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The Problem

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Large images slow down deployments and increase security surface.

Single Stage vs Multi-Stage

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Before

FROM node:20
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN npm install
RUN npm run build
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]

After

FROM node:20 AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

FROM node:20-slim
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder /app/dist ./dist
COPY --from=builder /app/node_modules ./node_modules
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]

Benefits

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1. Smaller image size
2. Faster deployments
3. Reduced attack surface

Advanced Patterns

Build Arguments

ARG NODE_ENV=production

Caching Layers

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Conclusion

Multi-stage builds are essential for production.